Chapter 648
The Way of Qi
Chapter 648 The Way of Qi Country ([-])
Confucianism became weaker and weaker in the Warring States period after eight points. The fundamental reason is that those theories violated the mainstream of "centralization" of the times, and it was difficult to make the country rich and the army strong.
Moreover, before the fusion of Confucianism and the doctrine of the five virtues of destiny, as the "shaman" faction in the inheritance of "shaman history", they lacked the theory to explain the legitimacy of monarchy in the Warring States period: Orthodox Confucianism can beat all the princes of the current great powers into Rebellious ministers and thieves.
A witch without the right to interpret the theocracy and unable to explain the legitimacy of the Warring States monarchs is useless.
The Yang Zhu school and the Mohist school were famous all over the world, but they all disappeared later, or even left a few words. It originated from Yang Zhu's "no monarch" set of anarchism and humanistic enlightenment; , The covenant between the subjects", "Everyone is equal regardless of age, young or old, high or low", "Everyone is responsible for punishing the unrighteous king" and so on.
The Guanzi school wants to talk about "rich the country" and "strengthen the army", but it cannot jump out of the social basis of the feudal system to create a new military system. On the issue of the military system, it follows the past experience.
After the Guanzi school's "rich country" theory, the military system is still the mainstream of the feudal compulsory army system.
And feudal conscripts are the mainstream, so they must be stable.
How to achieve stability, then we must develop industry and commerce at the same time, so that "the people do not change their jobs", that is to say, the son of a farmer is still a farmer, the son of a merchant is still a merchant, and the son of a craftsman is still a merchant...
This is actually not contrary to the "rich country" theory of the Guanzi School.
"The people will not change their jobs" means that the development of industry and commerce will inevitably be greatly restricted.
But this "rich country" country is not the sum of the national wealth, but the wealth of the "country" that is private to each surname.
It is unacceptable for the monarchs to have a rich country without a strong military. They can only use their own theory of national wealth, go against the content of their own theory of national wealth, and integrate past experience to create a half-new and half-old military system.
The people do not change jobs, it is for the military system, and it is also for the stability of the country.
Then, it is impossible to use all the experience of the Song State, because the experience of the Song State is "allowing migration to Sishang" and "encouraging people to change careers"... Even the practices and accommodation policies of the Mohists in Sishang are more like "Forcing people to change jobs".
Tian He understands that there is no Guan Zhong in Qi State now, and no one can face the chaotic situation of a large number of farmers being driven out of the land. There is no one. He knows the level of those nobles. Lack of new age theory.
In this way, on the basis of "the people do not change their jobs", the reform cannot be so complete.
Even before this coup, Tian He thought of a way to go against the times.
Under the circumstance that "opening rice paddies, destroying well fields", "distributing to the people", and "granting land for private use" are the mainstream reform trends all over the world, the method Tian He thinks of in view of the situation in Qi State is "doing the opposite." ".
In order to win over the nobles, to maintain the military system, and to be able to use the means of enriching the country of the Guanzi School, Tian He considered the road to Qi as follows:
Recognize the fiefdoms of the nobility, and recognize the dominance of the nobility over the farmers on the land, and give the nobility sufficient benefits under the premise that the industrial and commercial development of Linzi and Sishang is in urgent need of food and raw materials, and it is very profitable.
In this way, the nobles can continue to use the labor rent system, retain part of the farmer's land, expand the scope of land management, use unpaid labor to produce food and raw materials, and obtain sufficient monetary benefits.
On the premise of giving a sweet date first, immediately slap in the face and levy taxes on the nobility: because the nobility can fully control the farmers on the fief and gain profits in the external environment of industrial and commercial development, then they will have money.
Taxes are collected from the nobility to establish a standing army similar to the volunteers of the Sishang Mohist School. This standing army belongs to the monarch, but the officers are still served by the nobility, but the nobility’s private soldiers are no longer needed, and the transition is gradual. To the monarch relying on "official mountains and seas" and "national rails" and "noble military endowment" to establish a standing army that no longer needs noble feudal conscripts.
The premise of these two ideas was not created out of thin air, but originated from the premise that the development of industry and commerce in the Sishang and Linzi areas made food and agricultural products profitable and could be used as commodities.
Under the wave of "granting land to the people" all over the world, the peasants in the aristocratic fiefdoms of Qi State were re-serfed in the opposite direction, in order to compromise with the aristocrats, and at the same time collect taxes from the aristocrats to establish a standing army.
At the same time, under the Guanshanhai policy, a group of rich and powerful were supported to make them stand on the same front as the monarch.
For example, the Guanzi School believes that it is too troublesome for the state to manage industries such as smelting and salt by itself. It is better to adopt a [-]-[-] split method under the premise that the monarchy’s ownership remains unchanged, so as to attract big businessmen and capable nobles to open saltworks and smelting industries, etc. , direct dividends.
In this way, the big industrial and commercial tycoons who have improved in Qi country can be tied to the monarch of Qi country. The monarch supports some chaebols, and at the same time, the chaebols must rely on the monarch's governance to get what they need.
This policy is compatible with the first two, and can ensure sufficient labor force: since the nobleman has all the power to control the peasants on his fief, if the nobleman decides to engage in the salt industry or iron smelting industry, he can force the peasants on the fief Carry out labor to solve the problem of labor: Sishang’s solution is to let the nobles of the generation along the river in the Song Dynasty manage the land and drive the farmers under the iron oxen to find work in Sishang; Tianhe thinks this is too troublesome, so he directly lets the nobles dominate the farmers , Force farmers to transfer the feudal obligation of "public land" to the saltworks and mines, won't it be over?
For those who have developed a large industry and commerce, in addition to supporting them, they can also use the means of "selling officials and nobles" to enrich the treasury.
For example, "give and take away, make and stop, use only to get rich, subjugate the paternal line, and be proud of the vain. Harvest the spring and autumn and eliminate it, and I will live there when there is a collection. The time is strong. Those who honor it."
It is like having a big businessman who is good at iron smelting or salt making. This person is already rich and has a sufficient background. In addition to supporting his industry to make him rich, he can also be "vast and proud" ".
If this person is rich but does not have aristocratic status, then he can be granted a noble status, and the current noble status bestowed on him is a false lord.Moreover, taxes must be levied on him to eliminate them at the age of Spring and Autumn, and squeeze oil from him; by the way, let these merchants start to talk about "propriety" so that they look like nobles and support the monarch.
In other words, the monarch and the state support a group of wealthy families who operate large-scale industries and commerce, and they can have monopoly franchise rights, especially under the "natural" legal principle that the ownership of natural resources such as Shanghai, mountains, and mines belongs to the monarch. , which is easier to implement.
Similarly, some large-scale industries and businesses with huge profits, such as salt cooking and iron smelting, do not allow competition and are operated by rich merchants designated by the princes and lords.
In this way, rich merchants must be attached to the monarch, because power gives their family prosperity, rather than natural accumulation for profit.
This is a policy aimed at the upper class of the entire Qi State. This policy will win over nobles and wealthy businessmen, and firmly unite them around the monarch to form a closed upper class society.
The idea of the entire reform was constructed on the basis of not completely breaking with the nobles.
God gave Tian He 20 years.
But Tian He believed that there were too many rebellious officials and thieves, so that he had been busy with internal fighting for the past 20 years and had no time to implement his own ideas.
Now his power is coming to an end, even though Tian Shan is not his heir and came to power through a coup.
At this moment, Tian He hopes that he can find a successor of his own conception, and continue to lead the Tian family out of a new world in the position of monarch.
he hoped so.
So he wanted to wait until He Tian Shan had a conversation, to tell He Tian Shan his series of reform ideas, and to implement them.
Tian He's thoughts are continuous.
First of all, the reform of the military system is imperative.
From the three Jins' attack on Qi 20 years ago, the Yue State forced Qi Hou to drive for the King of Yue in Qufu 20 years ago, the biggest defeat in the conquest, and the defeat in Feidi... all these wars were lost.
Wei Wuzu, Sishang righteous division, Chu Wangxin army, Qin Renrui army and so on have all been transformed and are no longer the feudal conscripts of the original Spring and Autumn Period.
The emergence of gunpowder and stirrups made chariots no longer able to be used as a pillar of arms. In the era when the two armies fought with drums and chariots to beat the sky, Lishui was lonely more than ten years ago, while the battle of Nanjishui and Yingyi The decisive battle marked a perfect end to the era of chariots.
The end of the chariot era is not only the end of the chariot, but also the end of the feudal system, full-time warriors, and the military system of peasants and soldiers.
Then, it is imperative to establish a standing army, an army completely controlled by the monarch.
However, building such an army at the hands of a monarch requires money, lots and lots of money.
Where does the money come from?
On the one hand, it is necessary to use the theory of Guanzi of the Qi State School to enrich the treasury.
On the other hand, get money from nobles.
And continue to implement the national policy of "profit from fish and salt", relying on industry and commerce to make money.
The former can use the Linzi taxi class and scholars of those schools, who have nothing to rely on but the monarchy.
The latter, if you get money from the nobles, the nobles will definitely not agree. If you want to get money from the nobles, you must first give the nobles some benefits.
The so-called want to take it must first give it.
Therefore, in order for some nobles to have the power to completely control the landed farmers, and this point must be clear to the nobles, under the great tide of opening fields and destroying well fields all over the world, a stable monarchy that they can rely on is a must.
Giving the nobles the power to completely control the landed farmers can not only allow the nobles to spend military expenses in exchange, but also allow the nobles to use their complete control over the farmers to manage the manor, increase the grain as a commodity, and develop some handicrafts that use the landed farmers as labor.
If you want to get money from rich merchants, you need to continue to promote the idea of "no distinction between high and low" on the one hand, so that the status of merchants is naturally inferior; then support a group of merchants who can be used, and give them the right to start salt, horses, and smelting .
The former has been a tradition for hundreds of years, and the low status of merchants can guarantee that merchants will not experience large-scale turmoil: for example, the current chaos in Zhongshan is a signal that merchants in Sishang want to interfere in state affairs. What the monarch is worried about.
At the same time, under the premise of the low political status of the merchants, some wealthy merchants with "false lords" were supported, so that they could not make profits without the power of the monarch, but they could provide taxes and obtain the status of aristocrats with false lords while operating.
(End of this chapter)
Confucianism became weaker and weaker in the Warring States period after eight points. The fundamental reason is that those theories violated the mainstream of "centralization" of the times, and it was difficult to make the country rich and the army strong.
Moreover, before the fusion of Confucianism and the doctrine of the five virtues of destiny, as the "shaman" faction in the inheritance of "shaman history", they lacked the theory to explain the legitimacy of monarchy in the Warring States period: Orthodox Confucianism can beat all the princes of the current great powers into Rebellious ministers and thieves.
A witch without the right to interpret the theocracy and unable to explain the legitimacy of the Warring States monarchs is useless.
The Yang Zhu school and the Mohist school were famous all over the world, but they all disappeared later, or even left a few words. It originated from Yang Zhu's "no monarch" set of anarchism and humanistic enlightenment; , The covenant between the subjects", "Everyone is equal regardless of age, young or old, high or low", "Everyone is responsible for punishing the unrighteous king" and so on.
The Guanzi school wants to talk about "rich the country" and "strengthen the army", but it cannot jump out of the social basis of the feudal system to create a new military system. On the issue of the military system, it follows the past experience.
After the Guanzi school's "rich country" theory, the military system is still the mainstream of the feudal compulsory army system.
And feudal conscripts are the mainstream, so they must be stable.
How to achieve stability, then we must develop industry and commerce at the same time, so that "the people do not change their jobs", that is to say, the son of a farmer is still a farmer, the son of a merchant is still a merchant, and the son of a craftsman is still a merchant...
This is actually not contrary to the "rich country" theory of the Guanzi School.
"The people will not change their jobs" means that the development of industry and commerce will inevitably be greatly restricted.
But this "rich country" country is not the sum of the national wealth, but the wealth of the "country" that is private to each surname.
It is unacceptable for the monarchs to have a rich country without a strong military. They can only use their own theory of national wealth, go against the content of their own theory of national wealth, and integrate past experience to create a half-new and half-old military system.
The people do not change jobs, it is for the military system, and it is also for the stability of the country.
Then, it is impossible to use all the experience of the Song State, because the experience of the Song State is "allowing migration to Sishang" and "encouraging people to change careers"... Even the practices and accommodation policies of the Mohists in Sishang are more like "Forcing people to change jobs".
Tian He understands that there is no Guan Zhong in Qi State now, and no one can face the chaotic situation of a large number of farmers being driven out of the land. There is no one. He knows the level of those nobles. Lack of new age theory.
In this way, on the basis of "the people do not change their jobs", the reform cannot be so complete.
Even before this coup, Tian He thought of a way to go against the times.
Under the circumstance that "opening rice paddies, destroying well fields", "distributing to the people", and "granting land for private use" are the mainstream reform trends all over the world, the method Tian He thinks of in view of the situation in Qi State is "doing the opposite." ".
In order to win over the nobles, to maintain the military system, and to be able to use the means of enriching the country of the Guanzi School, Tian He considered the road to Qi as follows:
Recognize the fiefdoms of the nobility, and recognize the dominance of the nobility over the farmers on the land, and give the nobility sufficient benefits under the premise that the industrial and commercial development of Linzi and Sishang is in urgent need of food and raw materials, and it is very profitable.
In this way, the nobles can continue to use the labor rent system, retain part of the farmer's land, expand the scope of land management, use unpaid labor to produce food and raw materials, and obtain sufficient monetary benefits.
On the premise of giving a sweet date first, immediately slap in the face and levy taxes on the nobility: because the nobility can fully control the farmers on the fief and gain profits in the external environment of industrial and commercial development, then they will have money.
Taxes are collected from the nobility to establish a standing army similar to the volunteers of the Sishang Mohist School. This standing army belongs to the monarch, but the officers are still served by the nobility, but the nobility’s private soldiers are no longer needed, and the transition is gradual. To the monarch relying on "official mountains and seas" and "national rails" and "noble military endowment" to establish a standing army that no longer needs noble feudal conscripts.
The premise of these two ideas was not created out of thin air, but originated from the premise that the development of industry and commerce in the Sishang and Linzi areas made food and agricultural products profitable and could be used as commodities.
Under the wave of "granting land to the people" all over the world, the peasants in the aristocratic fiefdoms of Qi State were re-serfed in the opposite direction, in order to compromise with the aristocrats, and at the same time collect taxes from the aristocrats to establish a standing army.
At the same time, under the Guanshanhai policy, a group of rich and powerful were supported to make them stand on the same front as the monarch.
For example, the Guanzi School believes that it is too troublesome for the state to manage industries such as smelting and salt by itself. It is better to adopt a [-]-[-] split method under the premise that the monarchy’s ownership remains unchanged, so as to attract big businessmen and capable nobles to open saltworks and smelting industries, etc. , direct dividends.
In this way, the big industrial and commercial tycoons who have improved in Qi country can be tied to the monarch of Qi country. The monarch supports some chaebols, and at the same time, the chaebols must rely on the monarch's governance to get what they need.
This policy is compatible with the first two, and can ensure sufficient labor force: since the nobleman has all the power to control the peasants on his fief, if the nobleman decides to engage in the salt industry or iron smelting industry, he can force the peasants on the fief Carry out labor to solve the problem of labor: Sishang’s solution is to let the nobles of the generation along the river in the Song Dynasty manage the land and drive the farmers under the iron oxen to find work in Sishang; Tianhe thinks this is too troublesome, so he directly lets the nobles dominate the farmers , Force farmers to transfer the feudal obligation of "public land" to the saltworks and mines, won't it be over?
For those who have developed a large industry and commerce, in addition to supporting them, they can also use the means of "selling officials and nobles" to enrich the treasury.
For example, "give and take away, make and stop, use only to get rich, subjugate the paternal line, and be proud of the vain. Harvest the spring and autumn and eliminate it, and I will live there when there is a collection. The time is strong. Those who honor it."
It is like having a big businessman who is good at iron smelting or salt making. This person is already rich and has a sufficient background. In addition to supporting his industry to make him rich, he can also be "vast and proud" ".
If this person is rich but does not have aristocratic status, then he can be granted a noble status, and the current noble status bestowed on him is a false lord.Moreover, taxes must be levied on him to eliminate them at the age of Spring and Autumn, and squeeze oil from him; by the way, let these merchants start to talk about "propriety" so that they look like nobles and support the monarch.
In other words, the monarch and the state support a group of wealthy families who operate large-scale industries and commerce, and they can have monopoly franchise rights, especially under the "natural" legal principle that the ownership of natural resources such as Shanghai, mountains, and mines belongs to the monarch. , which is easier to implement.
Similarly, some large-scale industries and businesses with huge profits, such as salt cooking and iron smelting, do not allow competition and are operated by rich merchants designated by the princes and lords.
In this way, rich merchants must be attached to the monarch, because power gives their family prosperity, rather than natural accumulation for profit.
This is a policy aimed at the upper class of the entire Qi State. This policy will win over nobles and wealthy businessmen, and firmly unite them around the monarch to form a closed upper class society.
The idea of the entire reform was constructed on the basis of not completely breaking with the nobles.
God gave Tian He 20 years.
But Tian He believed that there were too many rebellious officials and thieves, so that he had been busy with internal fighting for the past 20 years and had no time to implement his own ideas.
Now his power is coming to an end, even though Tian Shan is not his heir and came to power through a coup.
At this moment, Tian He hopes that he can find a successor of his own conception, and continue to lead the Tian family out of a new world in the position of monarch.
he hoped so.
So he wanted to wait until He Tian Shan had a conversation, to tell He Tian Shan his series of reform ideas, and to implement them.
Tian He's thoughts are continuous.
First of all, the reform of the military system is imperative.
From the three Jins' attack on Qi 20 years ago, the Yue State forced Qi Hou to drive for the King of Yue in Qufu 20 years ago, the biggest defeat in the conquest, and the defeat in Feidi... all these wars were lost.
Wei Wuzu, Sishang righteous division, Chu Wangxin army, Qin Renrui army and so on have all been transformed and are no longer the feudal conscripts of the original Spring and Autumn Period.
The emergence of gunpowder and stirrups made chariots no longer able to be used as a pillar of arms. In the era when the two armies fought with drums and chariots to beat the sky, Lishui was lonely more than ten years ago, while the battle of Nanjishui and Yingyi The decisive battle marked a perfect end to the era of chariots.
The end of the chariot era is not only the end of the chariot, but also the end of the feudal system, full-time warriors, and the military system of peasants and soldiers.
Then, it is imperative to establish a standing army, an army completely controlled by the monarch.
However, building such an army at the hands of a monarch requires money, lots and lots of money.
Where does the money come from?
On the one hand, it is necessary to use the theory of Guanzi of the Qi State School to enrich the treasury.
On the other hand, get money from nobles.
And continue to implement the national policy of "profit from fish and salt", relying on industry and commerce to make money.
The former can use the Linzi taxi class and scholars of those schools, who have nothing to rely on but the monarchy.
The latter, if you get money from the nobles, the nobles will definitely not agree. If you want to get money from the nobles, you must first give the nobles some benefits.
The so-called want to take it must first give it.
Therefore, in order for some nobles to have the power to completely control the landed farmers, and this point must be clear to the nobles, under the great tide of opening fields and destroying well fields all over the world, a stable monarchy that they can rely on is a must.
Giving the nobles the power to completely control the landed farmers can not only allow the nobles to spend military expenses in exchange, but also allow the nobles to use their complete control over the farmers to manage the manor, increase the grain as a commodity, and develop some handicrafts that use the landed farmers as labor.
If you want to get money from rich merchants, you need to continue to promote the idea of "no distinction between high and low" on the one hand, so that the status of merchants is naturally inferior; then support a group of merchants who can be used, and give them the right to start salt, horses, and smelting .
The former has been a tradition for hundreds of years, and the low status of merchants can guarantee that merchants will not experience large-scale turmoil: for example, the current chaos in Zhongshan is a signal that merchants in Sishang want to interfere in state affairs. What the monarch is worried about.
At the same time, under the premise of the low political status of the merchants, some wealthy merchants with "false lords" were supported, so that they could not make profits without the power of the monarch, but they could provide taxes and obtain the status of aristocrats with false lords while operating.
(End of this chapter)